Rio, surnommée la cidade maravilhosa (la ville merveilleuse) doit sa réputation à son incroyable splendeur naturelle. [146], The Real Gabinete Português de Leitura (Portuguese Royal Reading Library) is located at Rua Luís de Camões, in the Centro (Downtown). The Maracanã was also the location of the infamous tournament-deciding match between Uruguay and Brazil, where Brazil only needed a draw to win the final group stage and the whole tournament. The North Zone (Zona Norte) begins at Grande Tijuca (the middle class residential and commercial bairro of Tijuca), just west of the city center, and sprawls for miles inland until Baixada Fluminense and the city's Northwest. The Companhia Docas de Rio de Janeiro administers directly the Wharf of the Gamboa general cargo terminal; the wheat terminal with two warehouses capable of moving 300 tons of grains; General Load Terminal 2 with warehouses covering over 20 thousand square metres (215 thousand square feet); and the Wharves of Are Cristovao with terminals for wheat and liquid bulk. Annually, Rio exported a total of $7.49B (USD) worth of goods. During this city’s early years, the main source of income for many settlers was sugar plantation and fishing. Santa Cruz and Campo Grande Region have exhibited economic growth, mainly in the Campo Grande neighborhood. Then, in 1975, a presidential decree known as "The Fusion" removed the city's federative status and merged it with the State of Rio de Janeiro, with the city of Rio de Janeiro replacing Niterói as the state's capital, and establishing the Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Region.[30]. Facing largely south, the city was founded on an inlet of this stretch of the coast, Guanabara Bay (Baía de Guanabara), and its entrance is marked by a point of land called Sugar Loaf (Pão de Açúcar) – a "calling card" of the city. It is necessary to have a registered electronic card (the "Bilhete Único Carioca (BUC)") in order to benefit of this system. This strong demographic increase was not accompanied by the sort of urban planning that would have enabled Rio to meet its new housing, services, and infrastructure needs. Bands from Rio de Janeiro also had influence in the mid-to-late development of the Punk in Brazil, and that of Brazilian thrash metal. Despite the transfer of the capital to Brasília in 1960, many of these headquarters remained within the Rio metropolitan area. [16] In the first decade, several educational establishments were created, such as the Military Academy, the Royal School of Sciences, Arts and Crafts and the Imperial Academy of Fine Arts, as well as the National Library of Brazil – with the largest collection in Latin America[17] – and The Botanical Garden. (estimation pour 2011) Archevêché. The stadium is owned by the city of Rio de Janeiro, but it was rented to Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas for 20 years. The History of Rio de Janeiro Founded by the Portuguese in 1565 at the entrance of Guanabara Bay, between the Sugarloaf and Cara de Cão Mountains, the city of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro was moved two years later to the square bor-dered by Castelo, Santo António, São Bento and Conceição hills. The institution was founded in 1837 by a group of forty-three Portuguese immigrants, political refugees, to promote culture among the Portuguese community in the then capital of the Empire. Formally known as "Cidade da Música" (City of Music), it was finally inaugurated at the beginning of 2013. The South Zone of Rio de Janeiro (Zona Sul) is composed of several districts, among which are São Conrado, Leblon, Ipanema, Arpoador, Copacabana, and Leme, which compose Rio's famous Atlantic beach coastline. The Metro runs services from 05:00 am to 12:00 midnight, Monday to Saturday, and from 07:00 am to 11:00 pm Sundays and public holidays. [81], Different ethnic groups contributed to the formation of the population of Rio de Janeiro. Brazil ended up losing 2–1 in front of a home crowd of more than 199,000. The city is served by a number of expressways, like Linha Vermelha, Linha Amarela, Avenida Brasil, Avenida das Américas and Avenida Infante Dom Henrique (Aterro do Flamengo); in spite of this, traffic jams are very common. In 1992, Rio hosted the Earth Summit, a United Nations conference to fight environmental degradation. Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE)", "Rio de Janeiro: Carioca Landscapes between the Mountain and the Sea", "Posição ocupada pelos 100 maiores municípios em relação ao Produto Interno Bruto", "The 150 richest cities in the world by GDP in 2005", "Veja o ranking das capitais mais violentas do Brasil", "BBC Sport, Rio to stage 2016 Olympic Games", "Chegada da família real portuguesa muda a arquitetura do Rio", "Apresentação da Biblioteca Nacional do Brasil", "199 anos do primeiro jornal impresso no Brasil", "Tour Rio De Janeiro's Oldest Slave Port With This New App", "Who is the true father of football in Brazil? The Port of Rio de Janeiro contains almost seven thousand metres (23 thousand feet) of continuous wharf and an 883-metre (2,897-foot) pier. The first line runs from General Osório in Ipanema to Uruguai Station in Tijuca. Rio de Janeiro is still home to millions of citizens – with 3.9 million people added to the population census in 1950. [117] Material categories of mineral products (42%) and metals (29%) make up 71% of all exports from Rio. The beaches of Barra da Tijuca are also popular with the residents from other parts of the city. [12] Allegedly the Florentine explorer Amerigo Vespucci participated as observer at the invitation of King Manuel I in the same 51. By the early 19th century, the Royal Family of Portugal fled their homeland in an attempt to escape Napoleon’s presence in Portugal. [8] Despite the high perception of crime, the city actually has a lower incidence of crime than most state capitals in Brazil.[9]. The Guanabara Bay has lost mangrove areas and suffers from residues from domestic and industrial sewage, oils and heavy metals. Many of the most important retail stores are located in the centre, but others are scattered throughout the commercial areas of the other districts, where shopping centres, supermarkets, and other retail businesses handle a large volume of consumer trade. They come in both non-air conditioned (R$3.80)[179] and air conditioned versions (R$3–R$5.40). Rio de Janeiro was once the official capital of Brazil before it won its independence from Portugal and became its own country. The Olympic Games were held from 5 to 21 August 2016. In 1950, the population of Rio De Janeiro was 3,026,195. The South Zone (Zona Sul) of the city, reaching the beaches fringing the open sea, is cut off from the centre and from the North Zone by coastal mountains. Per capita GDP is US$11,786. They are air conditioned – about 22 °C (72 °F) – more upscale/comfortable and cost between R$6.00–R$12.00. Nonetheless, as an urban area with a 2013 population of 11.6 million (Figure 1) Rio de Janeiro still ranks among the world's megacities (urban areas over 10 million). According to national census data, from 1980 to 1990, the overall growth rate of Rio de Janeiro dropped by 8 percent, but the favela population increased by 41 percent. 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